Power System Protection & Automation

• Curse Code: #PSP4
• Course Name: Power System Protection & Automation
• Level: beginner, intermediate
• Delivery: Online (Google Meet)
• Day: 22- 26 December 2025 (5 days)
• Time Zone: Indian Standard Time (IST)
• Instructor: Dr. Saeed Roostaee

Time (IST) / Day	Day 1	Day 2	Day 3	Day 4	Day 5
09:30 – 10:15	Section 1	Section 3	Section 5	Section 7	Section 9
10:30 – 11:15	Section 1	Section 3	Section 5	Section 7	Section 9
11:30 – 12:15	Section 1	Section 3	Section 5	Section 7	Section 9
12:30 -13:00	Q&A	Q&A	Q&A	Q&A	Q&A
13:00 – 14:00	Lunch Break	Lunch Break	Lunch Break	Lunch Break	Lunch Break
14:00 – 14:45	Section 2	Section 4	Section 6	Section 8	Section 10
15:00-15:45	Section 2	Section 4	Section 6	Section 8	Section 10
16:00 – 16:45	Section 2	Section 4	Section 6	Section 8	Section 10
17:00 – 17:30	Q&A	Q&A	Q&A	Q&A	Q&A

Section 1: HV

1. Introduction

• Instruction and assessment
• Why this training
• How to learn
• Learn with new methods
• References

2. Power Generation and Transmission

• Basic overview of Generation and transmission
• Power System components
• World electricity generation
• Single Line Diagram (SLD)
• Power Generation Technologies
• Hydro-Electric Power
• Hydro Power Plant in India
• Fossil fuel power
• Coal Power Station in India
• Nuclear power generation
• How does a Thermal power plant work?
• Wind energy
• Wind farm in India
• Solar power
• Solar Park in India
• Power Grid Infrastructure
• List of power stations in India
• Electrical grid
• India National Grid Map (N, NE, S, W, E)
• European-wide synchronous grid
• National Grid

3. Substation and Its Components

• HV substation in India
• Type Of Substations
• Elements of Substation
• Power Line
• Ground wire
• Wave trap
• Potential transformer
• Disconnect switch
• Earth switch
• Circuit breaker
• Current transformer
• Lightning arrester
• Main transformer
• Substation Layout
• 400/63/20 kV substation layout
• General Single Line Diagram (SLD)
• Protection Single Line Diagram (PSLD)

4. Type of Busbar Configurations

• Single Bus-Bar Arrangement
• Single Bus-Bar Arrangement with Bus Sectionalized
• Main and Transfer Bus Arrangement
• Double Bus Double Breaker Arrangement
• Double Bus Single Breaker Arrangement
• One and a Half Breaker Arrangement

5. GIS substation

• GIS history
• GIS Vs. AIS
• GIS installation
• Maintenance
• GIS elements

6. Instrument transformers

• Why are instrument transformers needed
• Voltage/Potential Transformers (VT/PT)
• Current Transformers (CTs)
• Basic working principle
• Bushing CT
• Free-standing CT
• Pass-through CT
• Window-type CT
• Bar-type CT
• Wound type CT
• High voltage CT
• Tank type CT
• Top-core CT
• CT Ratio
• CT Polarity
• Excitation
• CT circuits
• VT circuits
• Metering Core
• Protection Core
• CT classes
• CT shorting block

Q&A

• Summary of the section
• Q&A
• Assessment

Section 2: LV

1. Control & Protection Panel

• Introduction to Control Protection & Metering System
• Type of Panels & their usage
• Panel Construction & Components
• Control Panel
• Synch check
• Panel Accessories and Components
• Terminal Blocks
• Metering Components
• Wiring Components
• Control Switches
• Protection Relays
• Automation Components
• Protection Panel
• TCS Relay
• Trip Relay
• Lockout Relay
• Annunciator
• Electromechanical Relays
• Static Relay
• Numeric Relays
• BI/BO, AI/AO, CT/PT, NO/NC, Communication Ports

2. Schematic Diagram

• Introduction to Electrical Drawing
• Typical Electrical Drawing Symbols
• One-Line Diagrams (Single-Line Diagrams)
• Overview of CRP Schematics
• Connected line or wires
• Wattmeter
• Varmeter
• Opened contact
• Closed contact
• Current transformer
• Current transformer with marked polarity
• Ammeter
• Voltmeter
• Thermal relay
• Three-winding three-phase transformer
• Overlap Line or wire
• NO contact
• NC contact
• Coil
• Emergency switch
• Contactor
• Changeover
• Selector Switch
• Push button
• Power factor meter
• Frequency meter
• Therma OL relay
• Timer
• Terminal
• Auxiliary contactor
• Panel and Equipment Layout

3. Protection Classification, Types & ANSI Codes

• Common Acronyms
• ANSI Standard Device Numbers
• 21 Distance Relay
• 21G Ground Distance
• 21P Phase Distance
• 24 Volts-per-Hertz Relay / Overfluxing
• 25 Synchronizing or Synchronism-Check Device
• 27 Undervoltage Relay
• 27P Phase Undervoltage
• 32R Reverse Power
• 46 Reverse-Phase or Phase Balance Current Relay or Stator Current Unbalance
• 49 Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay
• Thermal Overload 50 Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
• 50BF Breaker Failure 50N Neutral Instantaneous
• Overcurrent 51 Time Overcurrent Relay
• 51N Neutral Time Overcurrent
• 51V Voltage-Resistant Time Overcurrent
• 59 Overvoltage Relay
• 67 Directional Overcurrent Relay
• 67N Neutral Directional Overcurrent
• 79 Ac Reclosing Relay / Auto Reclose
• 81O Over Frequency
• 81U Under Frequency
• 86 Locking-Out Relay
• 87 Differential Protective Relay
• 87B Bus Differential
• 87G Generator Differential
• 87GT Generator/Transformer Differential
• 87L Line Current Differential
• 87RGF Restricted Ground Fault

4. PSLD (Protection Single Line Diagrams)

• Transformer protection single line diagram
• Line protection single line diagram
• Busbar protection single line diagram
• Feeder protection single line diagram

Q&A

• Summary of the section
• Q&A
• Assessment

Section 3: Faults and Fault calculation

Faults

• Normal Operation of Power System
• Abnormal Condition of Power System
• What is the fault
• Abnormalities
• Types of faults
• Faults in Windings
• Symmetrical fault
• Unsymmetrical faults
• Fault statistics
• Transmission Line Faults
• Earth Fault on H.V. External Connections
• Phase-to-Phase Fault on H.V. External Connections, Internal Earth Fault on H.V. Windings
• Internal Phase-to-Phase Fault on H.V. Windings Short Circuit Between Turns H.V. Windings
• Earth Fault on L.V. External Connections
• Phase-to-Phase Fault on L.V. External Connections, Internal Earth Fault on L.V. Windings
• Internal Phase-to-Phase Fault on L.V. Windings Short Circuit Between Turns L.V. Windings
• Faults in Generators
• Generator Stator Earth Fault
• Generator internal faults
• Faults due to the load
• Overload
• Unbalance Load
• Loss of field

Fault Simulation and Calculation

• Fault calculations
• Symmetrical Components
• ETAP
• DIgSILENT PowerFactory
• PSCAD
• Single-phase fault simulation
• Three-phase fault simulation
• Earth fault simulation

Criteria for fault detection

• Overcurrent I>
• Earth-current IE>
• Current unbalance (negative sequence current I2>)
• Undervoltage U<
• Overvoltage U>
• Over- and Under-frequency
• Leakage (Differential) current
• Underimpedance Z<

Q&A

• Summary of the section
• Q&A
• Assessment

Section 4: Protection

Protection Introduction

• Importance of the Protection System
• What do we want to protect?
• Function of protection systems
• Requirements for system protection
• Elements of a Protection System
• Primary Protection
• Backup Protection
• Zones of Protection
• Primary and Backup Protection
• Protection Relay History
• Electromechanical Relay
• Static Relays
• Numerical Relays

Numerical Relays

• Advantages of Numerical Relays
• Structure of Numerical Relays
• How do Numerical Relays work?
• Analog to Digital Conversion
• Digital Phasor Measurement
• Example Feeder protection
• Numerical Relay Manufacturers

SIPROTEC Relay Families

• Protection Technology from Siemens
• Siprotec Relay Families
• Hardware structure of the SIEMENS numerical multi-functional device
• SIPROTEC 4 relay block diagram
• SIPROTEC 5
• Properties of SIPROTEC 5
• SIPROTEC 5 expansion modules
• Sampling rate
• Draw out of the terminal blocks
• IEC61850 Certification

SIPROTEC 5 Relay Selection Guide

• Available Device Types in the SIPROTEC 5 System
• SIPROTEC 5 Devices and Fields of Application
• Medium-Voltage Application for all Network Types
• Protection and Control of Several Feeders with One Device
• Transformer Protection
• Generator Protection
• Line Protection
• Busbar Protection

Q&A

• Summary of the section
• Q&A
• Assessment

Section 5: SIPROTEC 5 Online Mode

Online Mode

• Relay Offline Vs. Online Mode
• Device Information
• Config Information
• Process Mode
• Commissioning Mode
• Simulation Mode
• Function Points
• Edit device time
• Copy the online device to the project
• Assign an online device to the project
• Change the assigned device
• Create a backup from a device
• Load the Configuration to the device
• Retrieve Device Data

SIPROTEC 5 Web UI

• Device Information
• Relay Hardware and order code
• Set the relay date and time in the web UI
• Monitor Relay Displays
• Monitor binary inputs
• Monitor Binary outputs
• Monitor LEDs
• Access to all LOGs and download LOGs
• Runtime Data
• Monitor the recorded fault in the web UI
• Manual Recording trigger
• Download relay fault records
• Measurements
• Check the relay setting values
• Change settings
• Apply settings

Relay measurements

• Operational measured values
• Fundamental Components
• Symmetrical Components
• Function-specific measured values
• Energy metered values
• Statistical values
• Primary values
• Secondary values
• Snapshot
• Inject the three-phase values into the relay and monitor the relay measurements

Logs and Indications

• Reading Indications from the PC
• Operational Log
• Fault Log
• Ground-Fault Log
• User-defined Logs
• Config Logs in the matrix
• Download Logs
• Time stamp
• Relative time
• Entry Number
• Function Structure
• Signal name
• Signal Value
• Signal Quality

Fault Recorder

• Fault Recorder Function
• Fault recording with Pickup
• Fault recording with Pickup & AR cycle
• Storage settings
• Pre-fault time parameter
• Post-fault time parameter
• Sampling Frequency
• Fault recorder config
• Download fault records
• Comtrade format
• COMTRADE Viewer
• Time signals
• Harmonic signals
• Binary signals
• RMS and Instantaneous values

Q&A

• Summary of the section
• Q&A
• Assessment

Sections 6: OC Protection Functions

Overcurrent 50/51

• SIPROTEC 5 Over current config
• Overcurrent DT element (ANSI 50)
• Overcurrent IT element (ANSI 51)
• Threshold parameter
• Operate the delay parameter
• Overcurrent curves
• Method of measurement
• Time dial parameter
• OC logic in SIPROTEC 5
• Block OC

Overcurrent Earth 50N/51N

• Introduction to the Earth fault protection function
• IE calculation
• IE measurements
• Config earth fault protection
• Logic Diagram
• Threshold
• Operate delay

Directional Overcurrent 67

• Why Directional overcurrent protection
• How to configure Directional overcurrent protection ANSI 67 in SIPROTEC 5
• Voltage Connection
• Forward direction
• Reverse direction
• Blk. by meas.-volt. failure

Directional Overcurrent Earth 67N

• How does 67N work?
• How to configure 67N?
• IN measured
• 3I0 calculated
• Forward direction
• Reverse direction

Q&A

• Summary of the section
• Q&A
• Assessment

Sections 7: 7UT8 Transformer Protection

• Why Transformer Protection
• Transformer Protection Scheme
• Overload protection function
• Protection for the External phase fault short-circuit
• Earth Fault protection
• Differential Protection element (87T)
• Buchholz relay (ANSI 63)
• Overfluxing protection ANSI 24

SIPROTEC 7UT8 Hardware and connection

• SIPROTEC 7UT82, 7UT85, 7UT86, 7UT87
• Highlights
• SIPROTEC 5 Connection of 3-Phase Transformer Without Grounded Neutral Point
• SIPROTEC 5 Connection 3-Phase Transformer with Grounded Neutral Point
• Connection Three-winding Transformer (3-Phase)
• Standard Variant 7UT82
• 7UT85 Standard Variant
• Standard Variants for 7UT86
• Standard Variants for 7UT87

Application templates

• What are Application Templates
• Two-winding transformer basic (87T)
• Two-winding transformer (87T, 50BF, 87N)
• Two-winding transformer 1.5CB (87T, 50BF, 87N)
• Two-winding transformer (87T, 50BF, 90V)
• Motor (87M, 50BF, 59, 27, 81, 46, 49)

Q&A

• Summary of the section
• Q&A
• Assessment

Sections 8: 7SA8 Line Protection

Transmission Line

• Transmission System
• Overhead
• Modeling
• Line parameters
• Transposition
• SIL
• Short line
• Medium line
• Long line

Line Protection

• Line protection functions
• Why Use Distance Protection?
• How Distance protection works
• Distance Protection
• Distance measurement (principle)
• phase- phase -loop
• phase- ground -loop
• Load and short-circuit impedances
• Distance characteristics
• Stepped Distance protection

SIPROTEC 7SA8 Configuration

• SIPROTEC 7SA8 Application templates
• Distance Protection in SIPROTEC 7SA8
• Pickup method
• Distance zones
• Quadrilateral characteristic
• Mho Characteristic
• Ground-fault detection
• Direction

Q&A

• Summary of the section
• Q&A
• Assessment

Sections 9:

Communication

• Communication Introduction
• History of communication
• Morse code
• Communication Process
• Communication Medium
• Selection of Medium
• Simplex
• Half Duplex
• Full Duplex
• Serial and Parallel Communication
• Parallel interface example
• Serial interface example
• RS 232
• RS 232 Pins
• RS 232 Example
• RS-232 limitation
• RS-485
• RS-232 Vs. RS-485
• USB 2
• USB 3
• RJ 45
• ASCII
• Point to point
• Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
• Start Topology

OSI Model

• Why OSI Model
• Bit
• Frame
• Packet
• Segment
• Data
• Physical Layer
• Data Link Layer
• Network Layer
• Application Layer

Protocols and standards

• Communication protocol
• Industry Market requirement
• Industrial Communication Protocols
• Power Automation Protocols
• Modubs
• DNP3
• IEC 60870
• IEC 61850

Q&A

• Summary of the section
• Q&A
• Assessment

Sections 10:

Substation Automation System

• Substation Automation System Overview
• Substation Automation Structure
• Conventional Control & Protection
• Modern Substation Automation (SA)
• Implementation of Intelligent Technology
• Intelligent SA Architecture
• Monitoring via IEDs for Protection
• Basic Components of Substation Automation System
• RTU Overview
• RTU protocol
• Digital Substation

SIEMENS SAS overview

• SIEMENS SAS architecture
• Bay Level Engineering
• SICAM PAS Introduction
• SICAM PAS Value Viewer
• SICAM SCC Introduction
• Automation Software Portfolio
• Control and Protection Panel Overview

Q&A

• Summary of the section
• Q&A
• Assessment

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